An Examination of the Challenges of Determining Criminal Liability in Cases of Harm Caused by Artificial Intelligence Systems and Robots with an Approach Based on Islamic Jurisprudence
Keywords:
Trans-duty, Post-AI jurisprudential order, Distributed responsibility, Networked justice, Technological ijtihadAbstract
The integration of artificial intelligence and autonomous systems into decision-making domains has posed a serious challenge to the traditional concepts of duty and liability in Imamiyya jurisprudence. A jurisprudential system grounded in human intention and volition must now confront an agent that lacks human consciousness and intent, yet is capable in practice of generating legal and criminal consequences. Drawing upon the concept of “meta-obligation,” this study attempts to present a novel model of jurisprudential order in the post-artificial intelligence era; an order founded upon distributive liability between human beings and technology. Within this framework, the concepts of causation, justice, and legal personality are redefined on the basis of networked relations. The jurisprudential foundations of criminal liability regarding damages caused by artificial intelligence are grounded in the preservation of human social order and justice; through the principle of public interest, the consequences of technology are assessed and harm is prevented. Reason serves as the criterion for determining the extent of damage and proportional punishment, while the principles of no-harm and destruction guarantee compensation for losses. The findings indicate that Imamiyya jurisprudence possesses the capacity to transition from an individual-centered model toward a technological and network-oriented system; an order in which “meta-obligation” establishes a connection between human rationality and technological intelligence, and justice is conceptualized through balance among humans, data, and automated decision-making.
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