تحلیل انتقادی و راهبردهای اصلاح قواعد تعزیرات در فقه امامیه و اهل سنت

سید عیسی  موسوی; حسن حیدری; هرمز  اسدی کوه باد

Authors

Seyed Isa Mousavi Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Ramh.C., Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2754-0944
Hassan Heydari Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Ahv.C., Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8742-8272
Hormuz Asadi Kohbad Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Ramh.C., Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-5302

Keywords:

Taʿzir, Imami Jurisprudence, Sunni Jurisprudence, Criminal Justice, Proportionality, Judicial Discretion, Reform of Taʿzir Rules

Abstract

Taʿzir is one of the most flexible institutions of Islamic criminal jurisprudence, as its form and severity are not fixed in many cases and may therefore be adapted to diverse forms of misconduct and newly emerging social problems. At the same time, this flexibility can create serious challenges when it is not accompanied by clear legal and jurisprudential standards, particularly with regard to the scope of governmental authority, consistency of judicial practice, legal predictability, and proportionality between offense and punishment. Using a descriptive-analytical and comparative approach, this study critically examines the principal rules governing taʿzir in Imami and Sunni jurisprudence with particular emphasis on their foundations of legitimacy, scope of application, limits of judicial and governmental discretion, and procedural implications. The analysis focuses primarily on the rules of “al-taʿzir bi-ma duna al-hadd,” “al-taʿzir bi-ma yarahu al-hakim,” and “al-taʿzir li-kull maʿsiya.” The findings indicate that the first rule can no longer be interpreted merely through numerical comparison with fixed punishments and should instead be reconstructed through the broader principle of proportionality. Likewise, the authority of the ruler or judge should be transformed from personal discretion into legally bounded, reasoned, and reviewable discretion. The rule permitting taʿzir for every act of disobedience also requires restriction through a clear distinction between religious sin, regulatory violation, and criminally punishable conduct. The study ultimately proposes a reform model based on legality, proportionality, graduated penal responses, judicial accountability, and restorative mechanisms. Such a framework can preserve the adaptive capacity of taʿzir while bringing its operation into closer alignment with the requirements of contemporary criminal justice.

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