تحلیل حقوقی مسئولیت مدنی کارفرما ناشی از فعل کارگر با تأکید بر رابطه تبعیت و قلمرو وظایف شغلی

محمود  علامه منفرد; جواد نیک نژاد; مهدی اسماعیلی

Authors

Mahmoud Allameh Monfared Department of Private Law, Am.C. Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0966-7755
Javad Niknezhad Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, WT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-9970
Mehdi Esmaeili Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, CT.C. Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3229-159X

Keywords:

Employer’s Civil Liability, Employee’s Acts, Relationship of Subordination, Scope of Employment Duties, Presumed Fault, Principles of European Tort Law (PETL)

Abstract

Employer liability for damage caused by an employee constitutes one of the most significant instances of vicarious civil liability and lies at the intersection of the protection of injured parties, the principle of personal liability, and the allocation of risks arising from economic activity. The principal issue addressed in the present study is how the relationship of subordination should be established and where the boundary should be drawn among acts committed in the course of employment, because of employment, in connection with employment, and outside the scope of occupational duties when determining employer liability. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative analysis of Article 12 of the Iranian Civil Liability Act and Article 6:102 of the Principles of European Tort Law, this article examines the theories of proven and presumed fault, liability for the acts of subordinates, risk in return for benefit, and agency. The findings indicate that subordination is not a purely contractual concept and that the right to direct and control the performance of work constitutes a more significant indicator than the formal designation of the contract. Nevertheless, extending employer liability indiscriminately to every act occurring in the workplace is incompatible with the criterion of an employment-related connection. In interpreting Article 12, a distinction should be drawn between the requirement of establishing a functional nexus between the employee’s conduct and occupational duties, on the one hand, and the employer’s ability to raise a defense based on having exercised all necessary precautions, on the other. The article ultimately advocates a multi-factor test based on organizational authority, functional nexus, risks generated by the organization of work, and the possibility of prevention, and proposes measures to promote greater consistency in judicial practice.

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